Holy Number 8.

Our Life is wrapped in Nos.
Holy No.8.


The Life Path is the sum of the birth date. This number represents who you are at birth and the native traits that you will carry with you through life. The most important number that will be discussed here is your Life Path number. The Life Path describes the nature of this journey through life.
The Life Path number is established from the date of birth. First, add the Month, day, and year together to arrive at a total. Next, reduce this four digit number to a single digit.
Example: If a person was born on October 24, 1972, add the month 10 to the day 24 plus the year 1972 arriving at a total of 2006. Then add the digits in 2006 arriving at the Life Path number is 8.

The Life Path 8 suggests that you entered this plane armed to lead, direct, organize and govern. You are very ambitious and goal-oriented. You will want to use your ambitions, your organizational ability, and your efficient approach to carve a satisfying niche for yourself. If you are a positive 8 you are endowed with tremendous potential for conceiving far-reaching schemes and ideas, and also possessing the tenacity and independence to follow them through to completion. In short, you were born to be an executive.
You know how to manage yourself and your environment. Your ability to judge the character and potential of the people around you is an asset used to your advantage. A large part of your success in life comes from how hard you work. This Life Path is the most prone to producing workaholics. But your ability to spot good people and engage them in your endeavours is a special trait not to be overlooked. There is an inspirational quality in your makeup which allows you to become a great leader. You are practical and steady in your pursuit of major objectives, and you have the courage of your convictions when it comes to taking the necessary chances to get ahead.
With the Life Path of the number 8 you are focused on learning the satisfactions to be found in the material world. The Life Path 8 produces many powerful, confident and materially successful people. Most of your concerns involve money and learning of the power that comes with its proper manipulation.


This Life Path is perhaps the one that is the most concerned with and desirous of status as an ultimate measure of success. You want to be recognized for your hard work and achievements. The attainment of honours and acceptance into the club of executive leadership is all important. For this, you may find yourself very well suited to compete in the business world or in the political arena.
In relationships, you are frank, honest, and steadfast. You may be very much in love, but watch that you are not too busy and preoccupied to show it. Being the lavish provider is not always an adequate substitute for showing your devotion and affection in more personal ways. You have a great need for close personal relationships to mitigate and somehow soften your nature. You must find the time for love and keep it as an important project in your life.
The negative 8 can be dictatorial and often suppresses the enthusiasm and efforts of fellow member of the environment. Often, the strength of their own personality excludes close feelings for other people with whom they come in contact. Material gains and rewards often become issues of utmost importance, even to the neglect of family, home and peace of mind. Dedication to success can become an obsession. Emotional feelings are often suppressed by the negative 8, resulting in isolation and loneliness. All Life Path 8 people must avoid discounting the opinions of others.



Number 8 is the most powerful of all numbers.
Perseverant, forgiving, broad-minded, money-conscious and self-disciplined.

You have the potential for enormous success and the possibility to accumulate great wealth. You are also a good judge of character a natural leader and a survivor.

Manager, investor, entrepreneur, business person, scientist, politician, financial expert, real estate, politician, athlete.


Some of the following weakness, which are associated with the number 8, could slow down or even prevent your progress. But don't worry, it's very unlikely that all of the listed characteristics are part of your personality.


You might be stubborn, intolerant, impatient, stressed, materialistic, impatient with people, arrogant and reckless. You have the power to accumulate great wealth, but you also are susceptible to loosing everything.




You are a gambler, you have a strong desire for luxuries and you can fall for corruption. You have to find a balance between the spiritual and the material world. Learn to use your power for benefit of mankind.

You are gifted with natural leadership and the capacity to accumulate great wealth. You have great talent for management in all areas of life, especially in business and financial matters. You understand the material world; you intuitively know what makes virtually any enterprise work. Your talent lies not with the bookkeeping or petty management, but with the greater vision, it's purpose, and long range goals.

You are a visionary and a bit reckless. You possess the ability to inspire people to join you in your quest, but often they are incapable of seeing what you see. Therefore, those around you need your continual guidance, inspiration, and encouragement. You must prod them into action and direct them along the lines of your vision. You attract financial success more than any other Life Path, but effort is required.
Your challenge in life is to achieve a high degree of detachment, to understand that power and influence must be used for the benefit of mankind. Those born with the Number 8 Life Path who do not understand the real and relative value of money are bound to suffer the consequences of greed; they run the risk of losing it all! You must learn to bounce back from failures and defeats.

You have the character and resilience of a true survivor. It is not uncommon for a person with your Life Path to experience major reverses, including bankruptcies, financial failure, but you also have the talent and the sheer guts to make more than one fortune, and build many successful enterprises. More than most people, your failures in marriage can be extremely expensive for you. Despite the difficulties that life presents, you will experience the satisfaction that comes from material wealth and the power that comes with it.

Business, finance, real estate, law, science (particularly history, archaeology, and physics), publishing, and the management of large institutions are among the vocational fields that suit you best. You are naturally attracted to positions of influence and leadership - Politics, social work, and teaching are among the many other areas where your abilities can shine.


You are a good judge of character, which aids you well in attracting the right people to you. Most 8s like large families and sometimes tend to keep others dependent longer than necessary. Although jovial in nature you are not demonstrative in showing your love and affection. The desire for luxury and comfort is especially strong in you. Status is very important.
You must be careful to avoid living above your means. Your Life Path treads that dangerous ground where power lies - and can corrupt. You may become too self important, arrogant, and domineering, thinking that your way is the only way. This leads inevitably to isolation and conflict. The people you run the risk of hurting most are those you love, your family and friends.
Be careful of becoming stubborn, intolerant, overbearing, and impatient. These characteristics may be born early in the life of an 8 Life Path, who often learn these negative traits after suffering under a tyrannical parent or a family burdened by repressive religious or intellectual dogmas. Those with the 8 Life Path usually possess a strong physique, which is a symptom of their inherent strength and resiliency.

State of Tamil Nadu. India.

Tamil Nadu.
Capital. Chennai.
Area. 50215 square miles.
Population. 65 million.
Revenue Districts. 32.

Thousands of temples with lofty towers dot the skyline of the southernmost state of Tamil Nadu in India. These temples are torchbearers of the glorious heritage of the Tamil speaking region, and are repositories of the magnificent art forms that evolved over several centuries. Several of these temples have been glorified by the ancient Tamil hymns of the 1st millennium.

It is located in the extreme south of the subcontinent. The state has an area of 50,215 square miles. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the east and south and by the states of Kerala to the west, Karnataka, to the northwest, and Andhra Pradesh to the north. The capital is Madras. Tamil Nadu represents the Tamil-speaking area of what was formerly the Madras Presidency. The Tamils are proud of their Dravidian language and culture, and they have resisted attempts by the union government to make Hindi the national language. While it has an industrial core in Madras, the state is essentially agricultural.

The history of Tamil Nadu begins with the establishment of a trinity of Tamil powers in the region--namely, the Cera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms. By about AD 200 the influence of northern Aryan powers had progressed, and the Aryan sage Agasatya had established himself as a cultural hero. The use of Roman gold and lamps and the consumption of Italian wine testify to the extensive foreign trade of the period.

From the mid-6th century until the 9th century, the Chalukyas of Badami, the Pallavas of Kañchi, and the Pandyas of Madurai fought a long series of wars in the region. The period, nonetheless, was marked by a revival of Hinduism and the advance of the fine arts. From about AD 850, Tamil Nadu was dominated by the Colas, of whom Rajendra I was the most distinguished ruler. In the mid-14th century the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar, which included all of Tamil Nadu, came into prominence. During the 300 years of Vijayanagar rule, Telugu-speaking governors and officials were introduced in the administration.

In 1640 the English East India Company opened a trading post at the fishing village of Madras with the permission of the local ruler. The history of Tamil Nadu from the mid-17th century to 1946 is the story of the Madras Presidency in relationship to the rise and fall of British power in India. After 1946 the Madras Presidency was able to make steady progress, as it had a stable government. In 1953 the Telugu-speaking state of Andhra Pradesh was formed, and in 1956 the presidency was further divided into the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.

The area's population has changed little over the centuries, largely representing the ancient Dravidian ancestry indigenous to southern India. Most of the hill tribes exhibit affinities with certain Southeast Asian peoples. In Tamil Nadu, as in the rest of the country, the caste system is still strong, even though discrimination has been banned by the constitution of India.

Tamil, the official state language, is spoken by most of the people. For a considerable number of the population that have long resided in the state, Tamil has almost become a mother tongue. Telugu is spoken by almost 10 percent of the population; Kannada, Urdu, and Malayalam are spoken by much smaller percentages.

In the Nilgiri district in the west, Kannada and Malayalam are stronger. English is spoken as a subsidiary language. The main religions in the state are Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and Jainism. Followers of the first three religions are found in all districts, but Jainas are confined to North and South Arcot and Madras city.


Although Tamil Nadu is one of the most urbanized states of India, it is still a rural land. Most of the people live in more than 64,000 nucleated villages. The Madras metropolitan conurbation, covering the industrial areas, townships, and villages surrounding Madras city, has the largest population, but there are other conurbations, of which those around Madurai, Coimbatore, and Tiruchchirappalli are the most important.

Cholera, malaria, and filariasis (disease caused by infestation of the blood and tissues by parasitic worms) are the chief endemic diseases. Urban sanitation and drainage are sub-standard. There are a large number of public and private hospitals, dispensaries, and primary health centres in the state.

Education in Tamil Nadu the literacy rate is about 45 percent. There are primary and middle schools, high schools, and arts and science colleges, as well as medical colleges, engineering colleges, polytechnic institutes, and industrial training institutes. There are universities located at Madras, Chidambaram, Coimbatore, and Madurai. The Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha (1918) at Madras and the Gandhigram Rural Institute (1956) at Gandhigram are the two institutes of national importance that are engaged in popularizing the Hindi language and Mahatma Gandhi's concept of rural higher education, respectively. A vigorous effort has been made to make Tamil instead of English the medium of instruction at the university level.

Improved port facilities and the effective use of electric power resources have helped industrial development. The state is one of the most industrialized of the Indian states. The important minerals are limestone, bauxite, gypsum, lignite, magnetite, and iron ore. Cotton ginning, spinning, and weaving continue to be the major industries, followed by the production of automobiles, motorcycles, transformers, sugar, agricultural implements, fertilizers, cement, paper, chemicals, and electric motors.

The railway-coach factory at Perambur is one of the largest in Asia; the Heavy Vehicles Factory, producing tanks, is at Avadi, near Madras. There is an oil refinery at Madras and a larger thermal-power project at Neyveli; both are public-sector ventures. The state ranks second only to Kerala in the production of fish.

Tamil Nadu is rich in handicrafts; notable among them are handloomed silk, metal icons, leather work, kalam-kari, hand-painted fabric, using natural dyes, brass, bronze, and copper wares, and carved wood, palm leaf, and cane articles.

The governor, the Legislative Assembly, the Legislative Council, and the chief minister and his Council of Ministers together constitute the legislative and executive branches of the state government. The ministries are housed in Fort St. George in Madras, though the offices of several heads of departments are located in multi-storied buildings outside the fort.

The state has 32 administrative districts, each administered by a district collector. Lower administrative units are divisions called talukas, firkas, and villages. All these units are responsible to the Revenue Department and the Board of Revenue. After independence, new units--pañcayats (village councils)--were established for purposes of local self-government and rural development. Above the pañcayat there are pañcayat unions and development councils.The state's judiciary is headed by the High Court at Madras; there are district judges and magistrates at the lower levels.

Chidambaram is situated in the fertile Coleroon River valley, on the Madras-Thanjavur (Tanjore) road and rail system. The city supports silk and cotton handloom weaving and garment industries but is primarily a food-processing centre. Its name is derived from the Tamil words citt ("wisdom") and ampalam ("atmosphere") and refers to the Hindu temple dedicated to the god Shiva as Nataraja, the cosmic dancer. The temple contains the famous early Chola bronzes. It is entered by lofty tower gates, and its hall is supported by more than 1,000 pillars. The city is the seat of Annamalai University and is a centre of Hindu religious education.

In the second half of the 19th century two tendencies were present in Tamil literature. One was the old traditional prose style of the Patinen-kilkkanakku, or "Eighteen Ethical Works, learned and severely scholastic; among others, V.V. Svaminatha Iyer and Arumuga Navalar wrote in this style.

Another tendency, begun by Arunacala Kavirayar in the 18th century, sought to bring the spoken and written languages together. This tendency developed on one side into such works as the operatic play Nantanar Carittarak Kirttanai by Gopalakrishna, and on the other into ballads, often based on the lore of the Sanskrit Puranas.

Despite attempts to effect a synthesis between the two languages, however, the scholastic style has continued to have a profound influence on modern Tamil literature; the normal spoken language, in fact, never became a literary medium.

The first novel in Tamil appeared in 1879, the Piratapamutaliyar Carittiram, by Vetanayakam Pillai, who was inspired by English and French novels. In important respects Pillai's work is typical of all early modern Tamil fiction: his subject matter is Tamil life as he observed it, the language is scholastic, and the inspiration comes from foreign sources.

Not strictly a novel, his work, which has a predominantly moral tone, is a loosely gathered string of narratives centred around an innocent hero.Quite different is the Kamalampal Carittiram ("The Fatal Rumor"), by Rajam Aiyar, whom many judge to be the most important prose writer of 19th-century Tamil literature. In this work, the author created a series of characters that appear to have become classics; the story is a romance, yet life in rural Tamil country is treated very realistically, with humour, irony, and social satire. In language Aiyar follows the classical style, which he intermixes with informal conversation, a style that has been imitated by modern authors.

The turn of the century saw the development of the centamil style, which in many respects is a continuation of the medieval commentarial style. The best representative is V.V. Swaminathan, who also is responsible for the rediscovery of the Tamil classical legacy, usually called "Tamil Renaissance," which tended to direct the mood of writers back to the glorious past. The pride in Tamil subsequently gave rise to a purist tradition and a second style, called tuyattamil, or "pure Tamil." With exaggerated Tamilian self-consciousness, the language was purged of all non-Tamil loanwords, particularly Sanskrit, which removed the literary language even further from the spoken one. This style was not ineffective in verse but led easily to rhetoric.

The purist trend brought forth a reaction in putumanipravala natai, "the new manipravala" (see above Dravidian literature: 1st-19th century), which was Sanskritized with a vengeance and is of little literary interest.

The scholastic and formalist character of Tamil prose was predominant in the literature until the advent, in the early 20th century, of the poet and prose writer Subrahmanya Bharati. Bharati sought to synthesize the popular and the scholastic traditions of Tamil literature, and he created thereby a Tamil that was amenable to all literary expression. This synthesis, however, did not extend to the literary language itself, which in grammar continued the formal language, though for syntax, vocabulary, etc., he drew upon colloquial speech. In doing so he saved the language from the Sanskrit tradition of Purana writing. His style is the marumalarcci natai, the "renaissance style."

In the first half of the 20th century, R. Krishnamurthy was an immensely popular writer. Under the pseudonym Kalki, he was an influential journalist who wrote voluminous historical romances.In the 1930s there was a literary movement inspired by a journal called Manikkoti. Writers in this movement contributed extremely important new works, both in verse and prose, to Tamil letters. Among them was Putumaippittan, who wrote realistically, critically, and even bitterly about the failings of society.

Contemporary literature is represented by T. Janakiraman, who writes novels, short stories, and plays with themes from urban Tamil middle-class family life; Jayakanthan, a sharp and passionate writer, with a tendency to shock his readers; and L.S. Ramatirthan, probably the finest stylist at work in Tamil today, who started by writing in English.

Surdaas. The blind Poet.

Surdas. (1483-1563).


करत करत अभ्यास के, जड़मति होत सुजान
रसरी आवत जात ते, सिल पर परत निसान.


हरी दर्शन की प्यासी
अखियाँ हरी दर्शन की प्यासी (३)

देखियो चाहत कमल नैन को..
निसदिन रहेत उदासी
अखियाँ निसदिन रहेत उदासी..
अखियाँ हरी दर्शन की प्यासी

आये उधो फिरी गए आँगन..
दारी गए गर फँसी..
अखियाँ हरी दर्शन की प्यासी..
अखियाँ हरी दर्शन की प्यासी..

केसर तिलक मोतियाँ की माला..
ब्रिन्दावन को वासी..
अखियाँ हरी दर्शन की प्यासी..
अखियाँ हरी दर्शन की प्यासी..

कहोके मंकी कोवु न जाने..
लोगन के मन हासी..
अखियाँ हरी दर्शन की प्यासी..
अखियाँ हरी दर्शन की प्यासी..

सूरदास प्रभु तुम्हारे दरस बिन..
लेहो करवट कासी..
अखियाँ हरी दर्शनदरसन की प्यासी..
अखियाँ हरी दर्शन की प्यासी..





The group of 16th-century Hindi poets, four of whom were disciples of Vallabha, and four of his son and successor, Vitthala. The greatest of the group was Surdas, a blind singer whose descriptions of the exploits of the child-god Krishna are the highlights of his collection of poetry, the Sursagar, is admired throughout the Hindi-speaking areas of northern India.

It is particularly rich in its details of daily life and in its sensitive perception of human emotion, the parent's for the child and the maiden's for her lover. Other members of the Astchap group were Paramananddas, Nanddas, Karsandas, Govindswami, Kumbh-andas, Chitaswami, and Chaturbhujdas.

What is commonly spoken of as Hindu is actually a range of languages, from Maithili in the east to Rajasthani in the west. The first major work in Hindi is the 12th-century epic poem Prthviraj Rasau, by Chand Bardai of Lahore, which recounts the feats of Prithviraj, the last Hindu king of Delhi before the Islamic invasions.

The work evolved from the tradition maintained at the courts of the Rajputs.
Noteworthy also is the poetry of the Persian poet Amir Khosrow, who wrote in the Awadhi dialect. Most of the literature in Hindi is religious in inspiration; in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the reform-minded Kabir, for example, wrote sturdy short poems in which he sought to reconcile Islam and Hinduism.

The most celebrated author in Hindi is Tulsidas, who renounced the world early in life and spent his days in Benares as a religious devotee. He wrote much, mostly in Awadhi, and focussed Hinduism on the worship of Rama. His most important work is the Ramcharit-manas, which is based on the Sanskrit Ramayana. More than any other work it has become a Hindu sacred text for the Hindi-speaking area and annually has been staged in the popular Ram Lila festival.

Outstanding among the followers of Vallabha, philosopher and bhakti advocate of the Middle Ages, is the blind poet Surdas (died 1563), who composed countless bhajans (chants) in praise of Krishna and Radha, which are collected in the Sursagar. While many of the bhakti poets were of modest origin, an exception was Mira Bai, a princess of Jodhpur, who wrote her famous lyrics both in Hindi and Gujarati; the quality of her poetry, still very popular, is not as high, however, as that of Surdas. Significant also is the religious epic Padmavati by Jayasi, a Muslim from former Oudh state. Written in Awadhi (c. 1540), the epic is composed according to the conventions of Sanskrit poets. The 18th century saw the beginning of a gradual transformation from the older forms of religious lyric and epic to new literary forms influenced by Western models that began to be known. The new trends reached their pinnacle in the work of Prem Chand (died 1936), whose novels especially Godan and short stories depict common rural life; and in the work of Harishchandra of Benares (died 1885), honoured as Bharatendu, who wrote in the Braj Bhasa dialect.


Some of the modern Indo-Aryan languages have literary traditions reaching back centuries, with enough textual continuity to distinguish Old, Middle, and Modern Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. Bengali can trace its literature back to Old Bengali charya-padas, late Buddhist verses thought to date from the 10th century; Gujarati literature dates from the 12th century Shalibhadra's Bharateshvara-bahubali-rasa and to a period when the area of western Rajasthan and Gujarat are believed to have had a literary language in common, called Old Western Rajasthani. Jñaneshvara's commentary on the Bhagavadgita in Old Marathi dates from the 13th century and early Maithili from the 14th century, Jyotishvara's Varna-ratnakara, while Assamese literary work dates from the 14th and 15th centuries Madhava Kandali's translation of the Ramayana, Shankaradeva's Vaisnavite works. Also of the 14th century are the Kashmiri poems of Lalla Lallavakyani, and Nepali works have also been assigned to this epoch. The work of Jagannath Das in Old Oriya dates from the 15th century.Amir Khosrow used the term hindvi in the 13th century, and he composed couplets that contained Hindi. In early times, however, other dialects were predominant in the Madhya-desha as literary media, especially Braj Bhasa, Surdas' Sursagar, 16th century, and Awadhi, Ramcaritmanas of Tulsidas, 16th century. In the south, in Golconda, Urdu poetry was seriously cultivated in the 17th century, and Urdu poets later came north to Delhi and Lucknow. Punjabi was used in Sikh works as early as the 16th century, and Sindhi was used in Sufi (Islamic) poetry of the 17th-19th centuries. In addition, there is evidence in late Middle Indo-Aryan works for the use of early New Indo-Aryan; e.g., provincial words and verses are cited. The creation of linguistic states has reinforced the use of certain standard dialects for communication within a state in official transactions, teaching, and on the radio. In addition, attempts are being made to evolve standardized technical vocabularies in these languages. Dialectal diversity has not ceased, however, resulting in much bilingualism; for example, a native speaker of Braj Bhasa uses Hindi for communicating in large cities such as Delhi. Moreover, the attempt to establish a single national language other than English continues. This search has its origin in national and Hindu movements of the 19th century down to the time of Mahatma Gandhi, who promoted the use of a simplified Hindi-Urdu, called Hindustani. The constitution of India in 1947 stressed the use of Hindi, providing for it to be the official national language after a period of 15 years during which English would continue in use. When the time came, however, Hindi could not be declared the sole national language; English remains a co-official language. Though Hindi can claim to be the lingua franca of a large population in North India, other languages such as Bengali have long and great literary traditions--including the work of Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore, and equal status as intellectual languages, so that resistance to the imposition of Hindi exists. This resistance is even stronger in Dravidian-speaking southern India. The use of English as an official language entails problems, however, because with the use of state languages for education, the level of English competence is declining. Another danger faced is the agitation for more separate linguistic states, threatening India with linguistic fragmentation hearkening back to earlier days.

Sprouted Wheat Grass.

Wheat-grass.

"Wheat grass" is a variety of grass like barley, oats and rye, grown in fields across India.
Here in this write-out, "Wheatgrass" refers to grass grown indoors in trays for approximately 10 days and is the kind that is squeezed into a fresh juice. The tray-grown grass is used primarily for therapeutic purposes. The 60+day old field grown grass, available in dehydrated powder or tablets, is used primarily as nutritional supplement.
Wheat-grass juice, squeezed from sprouted wheat berries, is said to be high in chlorophyll. Claims are that the juice "cleanses" the body, neutralizes toxins, slows the aging process, and prevents cancer.
The idea that wheat-grass can benefit serious disease sufferers was conceived by Indian Nature-cure experts over centuries ago. It gave them an unwavering confidence in the healing power of nature.
The Nature Cure Believers believed in astrology, and described them as a dreamer who saw life from the spiritual viewpoint to the neglect of the physical. Their theory on the healing power of grasses was predicated upon the story of king Pandoo who spent seven years, insane, living like a wild animal eating the grass of the fields. Because he recovered, it was theorized that the grasses had cured his insanity. The common observation that dogs and cats nibble on grass, presumably when ill, also strengthen the belief in the healing power of grasses.
Nature Cure Believers theorized that rotting food in the intestine forms toxins that circulate in the bloodstream aka, the intestinal toxicity theory and cause cancer. They taught that the duration of the wheat-grass juice was less than three hours so it had to be cut from growing plants, juiced and consumed fresh. They speculated that the enzymes found in raw wheatgrass were alive and could "detoxify" the body by oral ingestion and by enemas.
It was the chlorophyll in wheat-grass that enthused them. They called chlorophyll "the life blood of the planet." They advocated that cooking foods "killed" them because it deactivates enzymes. They held that the moment the "sacred" 7.4 acid-alkaline balance, the same as human blood, is "killed" that its effectiveness would be reduced.
The fact that grass-eating animals are not spared from cancer, despite their large intake of fresh chlorophyll, seems to have been lost on them. In fact, chlorophyll cannot "detoxify the body" since it is not absorbed. Although it is conceivable that enzymes present in rectally-administered wheat-grass juice could have chemical activity, there is no evidence that this is beneficial. In fact, when challenged legally, they backed away from healing claims stating that they merely had an "educational program" to teach people how to "cleanse" their bodies and make vegetable juices popular.
Tray-grown wheat-grass juice has become a familiar product in juice bars, natural food stores, and the homes of do-it-yourself juicers worldwide. The juice has been associated with many health benefits. However, many who purchase "fresh" wheat-grass juice don’t realize that it has not reached its full nutritional potential. Wheat grass grown outdoors in its natural climate has much higher levels of vitamins, minerals, and chlorophyll than tray-grown grass due to vast differences in the growth process.
Tray-grown wheat-grass is grown in a warm greenhouse or indoors under fluorescent lighting. After growing for 7-10 days, the plant is approximately 6-8 inches tall. It is then harvested and juiced for consumption. Because it grows so quickly in the warm conditions, the plant has a relatively high level of simple sugars and is not given time to convert these sugars into complex carbohydrates, vitamins, enzymes, and proteins. This may explain the quick burst of energy that some users experience immediately after drinking the juice. Wheat-grass is said to be a complete food, wheat-grass is a source of beta carotene and the B vitamins, plus C, E, H and K, is said to contain 90 different minerals and 19 amino acids. 'More iron than spinach, more protein than meat, fish, eggs, beans or dairy produce'. And the tablet form gives twice the fibre of bran. Wheat-grass has an amazing ability to concentrate nutrients from the soil - maybe why it has been such a successful plant in evolutionary terms. Scientists have established that it has to be cultivated carefully and harvested at the 'jointing' stage, when content of chlorophyll, enzymes and other nutrients is at its peak.
It turns out that wheat-grass juice is up to 70% chlorophyll, which in chemical composition closely resembles haemoglobin. It is said to heal tissues, help purify the liver, improve blood sugar levels and help flush out accumulated toxins. That makes it an ideal 'companion' for fasting and in weight control regimes, taking it in tablet form gives some sensation of fullness'.
Specialists recommend chlorophyll for its antiseptic benefits. The article suggests the following clinical uses for chlorophyll: to clear up foul-smelling odours, neutralize strep infections, heal wounds, hasten skin grafting, cure chronic sinus, overcome ear inflammation and infections, reduce varicose veins and heal leg ulcers, eliminate impetigo and other scabby eruptions, heal rectal sores, successfully treat inflammation of the uterine cervix, get rid of parasitic vaginal infections, reduce typhoid fever, and cure advanced pyorrhoea in many cases.
Chlorophyll is antibacterial and can be used inside and outside the body as a healer. Gargle with wheatgrass juice for a sore throat. Wheatgrass juice is great for constipation and keeping the bowels open.
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This article is for general information only.

National Poet Zaverchand Meghani.

Zaverchand Meghani.(1896-1947).
Gujarat. National Poet. Freedom Fighter.
Journalist.
Kasoombi-no-Rang.
Koorbani-ni-Kathao.
Veni-na-phool.
Kavya-Tripooti.
Dossima-ni-vaato.
Radhiali Raat.
Sorthi Santo.
Saurashtra-ni-Rasdhaar. Parts 1 to 5.
Exponant of Folk balladry, folk-fore of Saurashtra.
28 August 1896 Born at Chotila near Surendranagar.
Father’s name was Kalidas Meghani, police sub-inspector in Agency.
Mother’ name Dholiben.
Wife Damyantiben married in 1922. She died in 1932. Remarried 1935 with Chitradevi.

1917. Passed B.A. with Sanskrit and Special English at Bhavnagar Samaldas College.
1922. Editor of Saurashtra published from Ranpur.
1930 Published famous 15 Freedom Fighter’s sons “Sindhoodo.”
1930. “Sindhoodo” banned and Meghani arrested. Sentenced fro 2 years.
1930. Wrote his most famous war song “Somebody’s Darling.”
1937. Gandhiji was on his way to attend Round-Table Conference at London.
1937. Presented him with his poem “Chhello-Katoro” Last Glass.
Gandhiji remarked that the poem aptly described his state of mind for
going to London. Gandhi accredited him as National Poet.

1933. Settled at Bombay. Rabindranath Tagore on his performance at a public function was impressed and invited him to Shanti Niketan. Awarded Merit certificate by Tagore at Shanti Niketan.

1946. President of Gujarat Sahitya Parishad.
1947. Got rare prize for his Mansai-na-Deeva. His treatise on life of Pandit
Ravishankar Maharaj.
March 9-1947. Died of a massive cardiac attack at Botad.

Miracles and Medical Science.

Miracles and Medical Science.

“Our Destiny was Shaped long before the Body came into Existence.”

“Medical profession believes in Miracles.’
“Medical Science, Faith life, All Come from the Same Source.”
“Healing is a matter of Time. But sometimes it is a matter of Magic.”
“Every Man is his own Doctor of Divinity in the Last resort.”

Dr. Dubois, the famous French Surgeon had a Sign hanging in his Operation Theatre.

“The Surgeon dresses the Wound. God heals it.”

When this topic was opened with the Operating Surgeon Dr. Dubois,
he could get from him the following.

He:- “While confessing my beliefs, I might as well make a clean-breast
and say that I believe in Miracles.”
He:- “Medical Science does not pretend to know why the various mechanisms
within the body perform as they do.”
He:- “We know a little bit about the how and what happens.”
He;- “We can describe what happens and how mechanism functions
when a body heals a hip-cut.”
He:- “But description is not explanation.”
He:- “I still do not understand why or how a cut hip heals itself.”
He:- “I do not understand the power of Life that heals the cut-hip.”

As a Surgeon with 40 years of surgery experience, he could say
that the body has its natural healing process which normally extends over a
certain period of time to bring about healing.

He:- “If Miracles are accomplished by the acceleration of natural healing process
and powers within the body, then I witness a small miracle every time I see a hip-
cut heal itself by growing new tissue.”

He:- “It may take two weeks or two months but I feel some power at work
which I do not understand.”

He: “The same can be said of medication from anti-biotics to pain-killers.”
He: “I do not understand how anyone can forego medical help because he believes
it inconsistent with his Faith.”

He: “I believe that the Life that heals the cut-hip and medications are meant to assist to
heal that Cut-hip are dependent upon each other to accelerate the healing process.”
He: “Medical Healing and Faith Healing should work together.”

He: “Some doctors and scientists turn up their noses of whatever smacks of Faith.”
He: “Every doctor’s goal is to extend more life of the patient. Every doctor feels
happiness. as his patient gets more life. More Living means more
Accomplishment, attainment of worth-while goals, more love experienced and
given.”
He: “I believe that there is only one Life. It is only one ultimate source of expression
and manifests itself in many forms. If we are to get more Living out of Life.”
He: “We should not limit the channels through which Life comes to us.”
He: “We must accept it as Science Religion, Medication and so on.”

He: “Let us not refuse the help happiness and joy others may bring to us.”
He: “Let us not be too proud to accept help from others.”
He: “Let us not say unclean just because the form of the gift may not coincide
with our prejudices our ideas of self-importance.”

Numerology.No.7.

Numerology.
Lucky No.7.

The Life Path is the sum of the birth date. This number represents who you are at birth and the native traits that you will carry with you through life. The most important number that will be discussed here is your Life Path number. The Life Path describes the nature of this journey through life.
The Life Path number is established from the date of birth. First, add the Month, day, and year together to arrive at a total. Next, reduce this four digit number to a single digit.
If a person was born on October 23, add the month 10 to the day 23 plus the year 1972 arriving at a total of 2005. Then add the digits in 2005 arriving at Life Path number 7.

The Life Path 7 suggests that you entered this plane with a gift for investigation, analysis, and keen observation. You are a thinker of the first order. You evaluate situations very quickly, and with amazing accuracy. As a result, you are thorough and complete in your work, the perfectionist who expects everyone else to meet a high standard of performance, too.
A Life Path 7 person is a peaceful and affectionate soul. But you guard your connection to people carefully. It's easy for you to detect deception and recognize insincere people, and you avoid them. You aren't one to have a wide circle of friends, but once you accept someone as a friend, it's for life. It's as if you must get to know someone a lot better before you allow the wall surrounding you to be penetrated. Chances are you are a very charming and refined individual with great poise and a quick wit. Nonetheless, there is an exclusiveness about you. You probably aren't a very social person. Your reserve is often taken to be aloofness, but actually, it's not that at all. It is merely a cover up for your basic feeling of insecurity. There's no rush, It takes time for you to warm up to new friends. Clubs and organizations hold little interest for you; you are not a joiner.
You actually like being alone and away from the hustle and bustle of modern life. In many ways, you would have fit in better in much earlier times when the pace of life was less hectic. You need a good deal of quiet time to be with your own inner thoughts and dreams. You dislike crowds, noise, distractions, and confusion.
The overwhelming strength of the number 7 is reflected in the depth of thinking that is shown; you will garner knowledge from practically every source that you find. Intellectual, scientific, and studious, you don't accept a premise until you have dissected the subject and arrived at your own independent conclusion.
This is a very spiritual number and it often denotes a sort of spiritual wisdom that becomes apparent at a fairly early age. A built in inner guide providing a strong sense of intuition may set you up as being a law unto yourself. Whatever spiritual position you take, whether traditional or bizarre, you will cling to it with fervour. Once you have decided an issue, it is almost impossible to get you to revisit the question. Adaptability is not your style, and change for you is a rarity.
You rely heavily on your experiences and your intuition, rather than accepting advice from someone. Your hunches usually prove to be very accurate, and knowing this, you follow the directions they seem to guide.
In the most negative use of the 7 energies, you can become very pessimistic, lackadaisical, quarrelsome, and secretive. A Life Path 7 individual who is not living life fully and gaining through experiences, is a hard person to live with because of a serious lack of consideration for others. There is such a negative attitude. Indeed, operating on the negative side of the 7 can produce a very selfish and spoiled individual and living with one can be a challenge. This may be why some 7s actually prefer living alone. If you have any of the negative traits they are very difficult to get rid of because you tend to feel that the world really does owe you a living or that in some way you are not being fairly treated.
Fortunately, the negative 7 is not the typical 7, at least not without some mitigating positive traits. This number is one that seems to have some major shifts from highs to lows. Stability in feelings may be elusive for you.

The number 7 Destiny suggests that the direction of growth in your lifetime will be toward thought, analysis, and the development of a mind skilled at searching out the truth. You must become accomplished at analyzing, judging and discriminating, so that little escapes your observation and deep understanding. In this you will become increasingly introspective, and value secluded and solitude.
You are the type of person that can really get involved in a search for wisdom or hidden truths, and you must become an authority on whatever it is you are focusing on. This can easily be of a technical or scientific nature, or it may be religious or occult, it matters very little, you pursue knowledge with the same sort of vigour. You can make a very fine teacher, or because of a natural inclination toward the spiritual, you may become deeply emerged in religious affairs or even psychic explorations. You have excellent capabilities to study and learn really deep and difficult subjects, and to search for hidden fundamentals.
You tend to operate on a rather different wavelength, and many of your friends may not really know you very well. At full maturity you are likely to be a very peaceful and poised individual. You really like to work alone, at your own pace and in your own way. You neither show or understand emotions very well.
The positive aspects of the 7 Destiny are that you must be a true perfectionist in a very positive sense of the word. You are very logical, and usually employ a quite rational approach to most things you do. You can be so rational at times that you almost seem to lack emotion, and when you are faced with an emotional situation, you may have a bit of a problem coping with it.
If there is an over supply of the number 7 in your makeup, the negative aspects of the number may be apparent. The chief negative of 7 relates to the limited degree of trust that you may have in people. A tendency to be highly introverted can make you a bit on the self-centered side, certainly very much self-contained. Because of this, you are not very adaptable, and you may tend to be overly critical and intolerant.

Kerala.

Kerala.
Capital: Trivandrum.
Area. 15005 square miles.
Population. 35 million.
Revenue Districts. 14.

Kerala has an area of 15,005 square miles, only about 1 percent of the total area of the country. The state stretches for 360 miles along the Malabar Coast on the south-western side of the Indian peninsula; its width varies from 20 to 75 miles. It is bordered by the states of Karnataka, to the north and Tamil Nadu to the east and by the Arabian Sea to the west. The capital is Trivandrum.

Isolated from the Indian interior by the mountainous belt of the Western Ghats, but possessing a long coastline that opens it to foreign influences, Kerala has evolved a unique culture. It is a highly politicized region, but it has a long tradition of religious amity. It is an educationally advanced state with its own language, Malayalam, and it has the highest rate of literacy among Indian states. Owing to the former matrilineal system, women in Kerala enjoy a high social status. Some of India's most isolated tribes persist in Kerala's wilderness areas.

Kerala is first mentioned as Kerala-putra in a 3rd-century-BC rock inscription left by emperor Asoka. In the last centuries BC this region became famous among the Greeks and Romans for its spices, especially pepper. During the first five centuries AD, the region was a part of Tamil -kam and thus was sometimes partially controlled by the eastern Pandya and Chola dynasties, as well as by the Cheras. In the 1st century AD Jewish immigrants arrived, and Syrian Orthodox Christians believe that St. Thomas the Apostle visited Kerala in the same century. Much of Kerala's history from the 6th to 8th century AD is obscure, but Arab traders introduced Islam later in the period.

Under the Kulashekhara dynasty. Malayalam emerged as a distinct language, and Hinduism became prominent. The Cholas often controlled Kerala during the 11th and 12th centuries. By the beginning of the 14th century, Ravi Varma Kulashekhara of Venad established a short-lived supremacy over southern India. After his death, Kerala became a conglomeration of warring chieftaincies, among whom the most important were Calicut in the north and Venad in the south. The era of foreign intervention began in 1498, when Vasco de Gama landed near Calicut. In the 16th century the Portuguese superseded the Arab traders and dominated the commerce of Malabar. Their attempt to establish sovereignty was thwarted by the Zamorin of Calicut. The Dutch ousted the Portuguese in the 17th century. Marthanda Varma ascended the Venad throne in 1729 and crushed Dutch expansionist designs at the Battle of Kolachel 12 years later. Marthanda Varma then adopted a European mode of martial discipline and expanded the new southern state of Travancore. His alliance in 1757 with the Raja of the central state of Cochin, against the Zamorin, enabled Cochin to survive. By 1806, however, Cochin and Travancore, as well as Malabar in the north, had become subject states under the British Madras Presidency. Two years after India's independence was achieved in 1947, Cochin and Travancore were united as Travancore-Cochin state. The present state of Kerala was constituted on a linguistic basis in 1956 when Malabar and the Kasargod taluka of South Kanara were added to Travancore-Cochin. The southern portion of the former Travancore-Cochin state was attached to Tamil Nadu.

Kerala is the most densely populated state in India. While only about one-fifth of the population is urban, this low proportion is deceptive because of the close proximity of scattered rural houses, especially in the coastal plain. Thus, in parts of the state there are tropical-rural equivalents of megalopolises. The major urban and industrial complexes are Cannanore, Calicut, Alwaye, Cochin-Ernakulam, Alleppey, and Quilon.
Most Malayalis, are of Dravidian ancestry, with some Indo-European admixture representing the ancient so-called Aryan influx. The latter element remains strongest among the Nambudiri caste of orthodox Hindus. A few tribal people in the mountains may exhibit affinities with the Negrito local race of South-east Asia. Kerala has a unique record in India of harmonious coexistence of diverse religions. The majority of the Malayalis are Hindus. There is no conflict between the Dravidian naga worship and that of Kali goddess on the one hand and the Hindu pantheon on the other, nor between the rival sects of Shaivism and Vaisnavism. The small population of Jainas live mainly in the far north. The Jewish community remains a small, exclusive sect; there is an ancient synagogue at Cochin. The Christians, who form more than a third of the population, belong broadly to the Orthodox Syrian, Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches, though each has many sects. While Muslims reside throughout the state, the Mapillas of the Malabar Coast constitute Kerala's largest Islamic community.

Geographic and geologic factors seriously circumscribe the Keralan economy. The amount of arable land is deficient for the needs of the crowded population. The state lacks major deposits of fossil fuels and minerals, except for ilmenite, the principal ore of titanium, rutile titanium dioxide, and monazite a mineral consisting of cerium and thorium phosphates, which are found in beach sands. Kerala has great hydroelectric potential, and the Idukki complex is the largest power-generating facility. The educational system, a developed banking system, and excellent transport facilities provide optimum conditions for further economic development.
Agriculture is the state's main economic activity. Commercial plantings on less than half of the total land under cultivation earn a sizable amount of foreign exchange but have also necessitated the importation of food for local consumption. Kerala's principal cash yielders are perennial areca nut, cardamom, cashew nut, coconut, coffee, ginger, pepper, rubber, and tea; the major food crops are annual rice, pulses e.g., peas and beans, sorghum, and tapioca. Commercial poultry farming is well developed. The forests yield valuable timbers such as ebony, rosewood, and teak, as well as industrial raw materials such as bamboo, used in the paper and rayon industries, wood pulp, charcoal, gums, and resins. Foreigners regularly attend the tea and timber auctions held in Cochin. Kerala ranks first among Indian states in fish production.


Most of the population is unaffected by industrialization. Unemployment is acute, and a high level of education among the jobless accentuates the problem. Traditional low-wage cottage industries, such as the processing of coconut fibre and cashews or weaving, employ most workers. More than one-fourth of Kerala's workers provide services.
Food processing is the largest industrial employer. Other products include fertilizers, chemicals, electrical equipment, titanium, aluminum, plywood, ceramics, and synthetic fabrics. Kerala has well-developed road and railway systems. It is connected with the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka by national highways. A railway coming from the east through the Palghat Gap meets with a railway running from north to south through the state and on to Kanya-kumari, the southernmost town of India. There are three major ports--Calicut, Cochin-Ernakulam, and Alleppey--that handle both coastal and foreign traffic. Cochin-Ernakulam also has major shipyard and oil refining facilities and serves as the headquarters for Indian coast guard and navy commands. More than 1,100 miles of inland waterways form main arteries for carrying bulk freight to and from the ports. Trivandrum has an international airport, and Calicut and Cochin have airports for domestic flights.

Kerala's cultural heritage contains elements of ancient Hindu culture that have been enriched by centuries of contact with both East and West. The state's impressive array of Hindu temples with copper-clad roofs, later Islamic mosques with "Malabar gables" triangular projections at the rooftops, and Portuguese colonial Baroque churches attests to this interweaving. Traditional art forms include intricate paintings on wood, thematic murals, and an amazing variety of indoor and outdoor lamps, which has earned Kerala the sobriquet "Land of Lamps." Literature and learning, in both Tamil and Sanskrit, flourished from the 2nd century AD. The Malayalam language, though an offshoot of Tamil, has absorbed the best in Sanskrit and has a prolific literature. Notable names in Malayalam poetry are Tuñchattu Eluttaccan and Kuñcan Nampiyar among classical poets, and Kumaran Asan and Vallathol in the present century. In 1889 Chandu Menon wrote Indulekha, the first outstanding novel in Malayalam, for which he received a certificate from Queen Victoria. The premier modern Malayali novelist is Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai.Most traditional dances pertain to great Indian epics or to the honouring of specific Hindu deities.

In kathakali, the classical martial dance form of Kerala, male performers portray both male and female characters. By contrast, the bharat-natyam style, dating to early Tamil times, is practiced exclusively by females.

The administration of Kerala is headed by a Governor, a Council of Ministers presided over by a chief minister, and a unicameral Legislative Assembly, 140 of whose 141 members are elected. The independent judiciary is hierarchical, with the High Court at the apex headed by a chief justice. Appeals may go to the Supreme Court of India.
For provincial administration the state is divided into 14 districts; these in turn are subdivided for revenue purposes into talukas and villages. Kerala's modern political experience has been one of unstable government. The proliferation of political parties has made coalition governments inevitable.

Despite being outlawed by the constitution of India, elements of the caste system still prevail. The matrilineal joint family has given way to nuclear families with paternal inheritance. Both polygamy and polyandry were once widespread but today are illegal, with the exception of Muslim Polygamy.

The Way Crooks Crumble.

The Way Crooks Crumble.

He was about 51-year-old Maria Gabriella Perez, the owner of a Beverly Hills beauty salon, who was arrested by federal authorities for allegedly stealing credit card information from Jennifer Aniston, Anne Hathaway and Liv Tyler among others. Perez, it seems, racked up $280,000 in fraudulent charges in a year.
Several years ago there were few victims of a scam perpetrated by a bad guy who lived in Arizona. In total, each lost about $15,000 in cash and collectibles, far less than the hundreds of thousands of dollars lost by some of his other victims, who were located across the globe.
Needless to say the victims were furious and more than a little embarrassed and wanted to get even. Of course, this guy didn't use any of his real information. But, there was an investigative reporter, so he did a little of investigative work and finally tracked him down. Ultimately he turned Phoenix authorities on to him. Actually, they were already looking for him, but he would like to think he had a hand in putting him behind bars. He was ultimately arrested and is set for trial soon. Couldn't happen to a nicer guy.
Anyway, all this got him to thinking about all the scams that people have fallen prey to over the years. So, for your reading pleasure, here are seven of favourites, in no particular order. Oh, and it goes without saying, "Don't try any of these at home. “Why Old People Make Good Scam Targets.”
Work at Home Scams
"Be part of one of America's Fastest Growing Industries.? Be the Boss!? Earn thousands of dollars a month from home!"
Ads like this are everywhere - on telephone poles, in your newspaper and e-mail and on your favourite websites. Although the jobs are different, the message is the same-you can earn a great living working from home, even in your spare time.
Some even promise a refund if the "job" doesn't work out. If you're like many people, you're probably thinking, "Where do I sign up?" But what you really should do is run, not walk, as far away from these ads as you can get.
The reality is most of these jobs are scams. The con men or women advertising them may get you to pay for starter kits or certifications that are useless. And they might even charge your credit card without permission.
One of the most well-known work-at-home scams involves stuffing envelopes. The ads say that if you pay a "small fee" like $99, you'll learn how to earn lots of money stuffing envelopes at home. But all you get for your money is a letter telling you to scam your friends and relatives the same way you were scammed by getting them to buy the same envelope stuffing "opportunity." Sticking it to them is the only way you'll ever see any return on your investment.
Overweight? Have I got a deal for you.
Well, maybe not me, but scammers who promise that they'll help you lose weight if you pay them a small fee. They'll try to sell you bogus weight loss products like a patch containing kelp you wear that will make you lose weight, or a pill that will not only help you lose weight, but will also reverse the aging process. If you bite on one of these scams, the only thing you're going to lose is your hard-earned dough.
The Nigerian Scam
Unless you live in a cave or on the moon, you've probably heard about this one. Here's how it works:
The scammer emails you claiming to be a Nigerian official, businessperson or the surviving spouse of a former government official. He or she offers to transfer millions of dollars into your bank account in exchange for a fee-in this case, not a small fee, either.
If you respond to the initial offer, you might even receive "official looking" documents. Then the scammer asks you to provide a blank bank letterhead, your bank account numbers, and some money to cover transaction and transfer costs and attorney's fees.
Of course, you'll lose your money and you'll never see a dime of those promised millions. Online Phishing Scams Get Personal.
Salting the Gold Mine
This is an oldie but a goodie. In the olden days, dishonest mine owners would put a few gold nuggets in worthless mines to convince prospective buyers the mines contained a ton of gold and get them to buy their claims. As the story goes, some old-time scammers even used to fire shotguns loaded with gold dust into the sides of the mines.
900 Phone Number Scam
You get a telephone call or a notice in the mail notifying you that you've won a sweepstakes or a lottery. But to claim your prize you have to call a 1-900 toll number.
As you listen to the lengthy message you're racking up significant charges that will go straight into the scammers' pockets. These charges will then appear on your monthly phone bill and you'll be on the hook for them. Oh, I forgot to mention. You really didn't win the sweepstakes or the lottery.
This is a low-tech version of the recently discovered running Google's Android operating system. Once installed on the phone, the Trojan begins sending text messages, or SMS messages, to premium rate numbers - numbers that charge a fee - without the owners' knowledge or consent, taking money from users' accounts and sending it to the cybercriminals.
Money Order Overpayment Scam
The scam begins when a con artist answers a classified ad or auction listing, offering to buy the item for sale and pay for it with a money order. Then he comes up with a reason for sending a money order for more than the purchase price for the item. The scammer then asks the seller to wire back the difference after the money order is deposited and "supposedly clears."
Because the money order looks very real, the bank typically accepts it as legitimate. Unfortunately, the money order is fake and the seller is liable to the bank for the entire amount. He also loses the money he sent the scammer and the item he sold.
The Ponzi Scheme
One of the biggest swindlers in U.S. history, Charles Ponzi's name is associated with the Ponzi "pyramid" scheme - you know, the one allegedly used by Wall Street's Madoff to defraud unsuspecting investors out of $65 billion.
In the 1920s, Charles Ponzi tricked thousands of New England residents into investing in a postage stamp speculation scheme. At that time the annual interest rate for bank accounts was just 5 percent, but Ponzi promised investors that he could provide a 50 percent return in 45 days and a 100 percent profit in 90 days.
Initially, Ponzi bought a small number of international mail coupons to support his scheme, but then he used money from later investors to pay off his earlier investors. In his heyday, Ponzi made millons of dollars but he ended up broke and in prison.
After writing about all these scams, I guess it bears repeating: If it seems to good to be true, it probably is.
Dubai and Sharjah are hot markets for purchase of gold jewellery and gold coins.
They buy scrap gold from India in tons and make ornaments and coins. Some gold they buy from African countries depending upon the Dubai party’s trade relations with them.
It is reliably learnt that many god dealers of Dubai and Sharjah got a raw deal in as much as the gold bullion they got was spurious gold and not 99.9 purity gold. The gold dealers have been duped into millions of US $ by such fraud. Many of the firms have been forced to wind up on account of unforeseen broad day light fake gold supplied to them in place of genuine bullion.

Marathi Poet Eknath.

Poet Eknath-ji. (1533-1599)
A saint poet who has to his credit creation of an authentic edition of the Dnyaneshwari and prolific literature of high standard, as also a social reformer who awakened the masses through the medium of Bharud.
Shantibrahma, a great man who achieved sainthood, a social reformer of the highest order, a highly principled man, a thorough scholar of the Sanskrit language, who is known as Dnyanacha Eka (Eka who belonges to Saint Dyaneshwar or Eka who is knowlegeable) in entire Maharashtra - this great personality is Saint Eknath ! An ideal householder, son of Marathi language, a learned Pandit of varied subjects and an ocean of compassion are also other appropriate words to describe him.
Bhaskarpant Kulkarni, who resided in Paithan, was his ancestor. He was a Deshast Rigvedi Brahman. Saint Bhanudas was his great grandfather, who is well known to have returned the idol of God Vitthal back to Pandharpur from Hampi, where it had been taken by the King Krishnadeva Raya of Vijaynagar for safety. God Surya-Narayan was his family deity. His father’s name was Suryanarayan and mother’s name Rukmini. It is believed that he was born sometime between 1528 to 1533. Unfortunately, he lost his parents at a very young age; he was brought up by his grandparents, Chakrapani and Saraswati. From a young age, he had a fondness for spirituality and Harikirtan.
Sadguru Janardan Swami was an important minister in the court of the Muslim kingdom at Devgad. He was originally a resident of Chalisgaon; his last name was Deshpande. He too was a Rigvedi Brahman, and a great devotee of the deity Dattatraya. Eknath had secretly accepted Janardan as his Sadguru. Janardan Pant was an intellectual and honest man. Saint Eknath toiled hard for six years to serve his Guru. As an accountant Eknath once spent the whole night to find a mistake of one paisa. Janardan Swami was delighted to find such dedication. He directed Eknath’s dedication towards the path of God. The vision of the deity Dattatraya appeared before Eknath. Eknath’s life was blessed by Atmabodh, complete favour of his Guru, and the vision of God Dattatraya that appeared before him. He went on several pilgrimages.
He married a virtuous lady from Vaijapur near Paithan. She was named Girija after marriage and they had two daughters, Godavari and Ganga, and a son, Hari. The son later was well known as HariPandit, and was proud of his heritage and culture. Poet Mukteshwar was Eknath’s grandson.
Saint Eknath was born 237 years after Saint Dnyaneshar, in extremely adverse times. The Muslim dynasty was ruling. The Hindu Kingdom of Vijaynagar was destroyed. The entire society had turned irresponsible. There was total ignorance of one’s duty towards one’s society, self-governance or any patriotism. There was a tendency towards doggedness and simply discharging religious rites and rituals, disregarding religion. Women were kidnapped and converted into Muslims in broad daylight. Under such an exigency, Saint Eknath prayed to Goddess Jagdamba for help in social reform. Baye Daar Ugadh (Dear lady, open the door), so saying Eknath awakened the society using different styles of religious songs like Bharud, Jogva and Gondhal. Saint Eknath was a saint-poet, intellectual-poet and ballad (Shahir) poet. By enrapturing and awakening the despondent society, he guided them on the right path and awakened Maharashtra’s emancipation. Eknath was a devout disciple of his Guru and wrote under the name of Eka-janardana meaning Eka (nath) of Janardana.
He wrote a lot of verses (ovi), Abhanga, Gavlani. The Eknath Bhagwad, a commentary on the eleventh canto of Sanskrit Bhagwat Purana, an ancient script, written by him is very popular. There are altogether 1367 Shlokas, on which he wrote 18,810 Ovi. The original Bhagwat has 12 chapters. It is Purana based poetry that blesses the listener and reader. The Bhavarth Ramayan was written by him for which he wrote 25,000 ovi and was completed by his disciple with 15000 more ovi. His Rukmini Swayamvar is extremely popular. His hymn to God Dattatreya is also famous. This great soul created abundant literature and enriched the Marathi language. Most importantly, he meticulously prepared an authentic edition of the Dnyaneshwari. Eknath was a MahaVaishnav, devotee of God Dattatreya and also of Goddess Jagdamba.

With Bengali, Marathi is the oldest of the regional literatures in Indo-Aryan, dating from about AD 1000. In the 13th century, two Brahminical sects arose, the Mahanubhava and the Varakari Panth, both of which put forth vast quantities of literature. The latter sect was perhaps the more productive, for it became associated with bhakti, when that movement stirred Maharashtra in the early 14th century, and particularly with the popular cult of Vitthoba at Pandharpur. It was out of this tradition that the great names of early Marathi literature came: Jñaneshvara, in the 13th century; Namdev, his younger contemporary, some of whose devotional songs are included in the holy book of the Sikhs, the Adi Granth; and the 16th-century writer Eknath, whose most famous work is a Marathi version of the 11th book of the Bhagavata-Purana. Among the bhakti poets of Maharashtra the most famous is Tukaram, who wrote in the 16th century. A unique contribution of Marathi is the tradition of povadas, heroic stories popular among a martial people. There is no way of dating the earliest of these; but the literary tradition is particularly vital at the time of Shivaji, the great military leader of Maharashtra (born 1630), who led his armies against the might of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.



In Marathi the teacher Jñanadeva (also known as Jñaneshvara; c. 1275-96) composed a commentary on the Bhagavadgita that remains a classic in that literature. His work was continued by Eknath ( c. 1600), who also composed bhakti poetry. In the 16th century the Kannada poet Gadugu produced his own highly individual version of the Mahabharata. In addition to the above literal or not-so-literal translations of the Sanskrit epics, the Tamils composed their own epics, notably Ilanko Atikal's Cilappatikaram ("The Lay of the Anklet") and its sequel, the Manimekhalai ("Jeweled Girdle"). In Telugu there is the great Palnadu Epic; Rajasthani has an entire epic cycle about the hero Pabuji. The remaining vernaculars have produced many other works of the epic category.

Saint Eknath is believed to be the first person in Middle-age Maharastra who have abolished concept of Untouchability by his actions. He saved the life of a Mahar child flowing in flood water of Godavari. He also behaved very politely and gently with untouchable people. His well described poems advocate soft corner and equal treatment among all living beings even with animals.His one poem is famous in Marathi literature like- जे जे भेटे भुत, ते ते मानिजे भगवंत.He also started activities related to reading of Dyaneshweari which was sidelined due to Islamic invasion.

For his spiritual development in his youth, Eknath had accepted the discipleship of a Guru named Janārdan Swāmi. At the suggestion of this Guru, Eknath wrote as his first composition a Marathi commentary in verse form named Chatushloki Bhāgwat based on certain four verses (shlok: श्लोक) in Sanskrit Bhāgwat. The elaborate commentary consisted of 1,036 owees (ओव्या).
About 230 years before the birth of Eknath, Dnyaneshwar had written an important commentary in verse form (ओव्या) in Marathi named Bhāwārth-Deepikā, (popularly known as Dnyāneshwari on Sanskrit Bhagawad Geetā. After elaborate research, Eknath meticulously prepared an authentic edition of Dnyaneshwari.Eknath is believed to main man in Marathi.
Almost all of Eknath's writings were in verse form in Marathi.
Eknath wrote a scholarly and lucid commentary, Eknāthi Bhāgawat, on the Eleventh Canto of Sanskrit Bhagavata Purana. The commentary involved 18,800 owees.
He wrote the first 25,000 owees of his another major work, Bhāwārtha-Rāmāyana.
A disciple of his had added 15,000 owees to complete this work.
Eknath wrote Rukmini Swayamwar comprising 1,711 owees; it was based on 144 shlok from Bhagawat Purana. His work, Hastāmalak, comprised 764 owees, and it was based on a 14-shlok Sanskrit hymn with the same name by Shankarāchārya.
He further wrote Shukāshtak (447 owees), Swātma-Sukha (510 owees), Ānanda-Lahari (154 owees), Chiranjeewa-Pad (42 owees), Geetā-Sār, and Prahlād-Wijaya.
Eknath introduced a new form of Marathi religious songs called Bhārood (भारूडे), writing 300 of them. He wrote 300 religious songs in the Abhang form (अभंग).
In his adult life, Eknath gave many lucid religious public discourses (कीर्तने).
Eknath initiated in Maharashtra a movement called Vāsudewa Sansthā. It involves house-to-house visitations by individuals known as Vāsudewa, who, standing in front of people's houses, spread religious messages through bhajan chants (भजने).He spread bhagwat dharma from village to village in detail and in a simple manner.
Eknāth is best known for his translations of various Sanskrit texts into Marathi, his authorship of others (e.g., a Rāmāyaṇa) in that language, and his restored edition of the then-corrupted classic of Marathi literature the Jñāneśvarī of Jñāneśvar. The object of his scholarship was to bring the means of salvation, through devotion, or bhakti, within the reach and understanding of ordinary people, including outcastes and women.

Onam Celebrations.

Onam Celebrations.

When Maveli, our King, ruled the land,
All the people had equality.
And people were joyful and merry;
They were all free from harm.
There was neither anxiety nor sickness,
Death of the children was never even heard of,
There were no lies,
There was neither theft nor deceit,
And no one was false in speech either.
Measures and weights were right;
No one cheated or wronged his neighbor.
When Maveli, our King, ruled the land,
All the people formed one casteless race.



Onam is an ancient festival which still survives in the Modern times. Kerala's rice harvest festival and the festival of rain flowers which fell on the Malayalam month of Chingam celebrated the annual visit from pathalam of King Maveli. Onam is unique since king Maveli is revered by people of Kerala from prehistory.
According to the legend, Kerala witnessed its golden era during the reign of King Mahabali. Everybody in the state was happy and prosperous and the king was highly regarded by his subjects. He was that much highly regarded among the subjects that even the Gods under Indra became jealous of Mahabali, they approached Mahavishnu claiming that Mahabali is now equivalent to an Indra. Since a world with two Indras represents imbalance, Mahavishnu assumed the form of a dwarf: the Vamana avatara and tricked him to Pathalam, the Underworld. However, as Mahabali is equal to an Indra, he is to wait until the next Yuga where he would be the Indra. In the meantime, with the grace of Mahavishnu, Mahabali visits his people on an annual basis. Mahavishnu serves Mahabali as a gatekeeper in the world of Pathalam as the Lord himself serves his greatest devotees.
It is this visit of Mahabali that is celebrated as Onam every year. People celebrate the festival in a grand way and impress upon their dear King that they are happy and wish him well.
The rich cultural heritage of Kerala comes out in its best form and spirit during the ten day long festival. The most impressive part of Onam celebration is the grand feast called Onasadya, prepared on Thiruonam. It is a nine course meal consisting of 11 to 13 essential dishes. Onasadya is served on banana leaves and people sit on a mat laid on the floor to have the meal.
Another enchanting feature of Onam is Vallamkali, the Snake Boat Race, held on the river Pampa. It is a colorful sight to watch the decorated boat oared by hundreds of boatmen amidst chanting of songs and cheering by spectators.
There is also a tradition to play games, collectively called Onakalikal, on Onam. Men go in for rigorous sports like Talappanthukali (played with a ball), Ambeyyal (Archery), Kutukutu and combats called Kayyankali and Attakalam. Women indulge in cultural activities. They make intricately designed flower mats called, Pookalam in the front courtyard of the house to welcome King Mahabali. Kaikotti kali and Thumbi Thullal are two graceful dances performed by women on Onam. Folk performances like Kummatti kali and Pulikali add to the zest of celebrations.

Kashyapa had two wives, Diti and Aditi, who were the parents of the demons and the gods Asuras and Devas respectively. Kashyapa, who had gone to the Himalayas to do penance, on his return found Aditi weeping. By divine insight, Kashyapa instantly recognised the cause of her grief. He tried to console her saying that nothing happens in the world without divine will and people should go on doing their duties. He asked her to pray to Vishnu and taught her Payovrata, a ritual that has to be observed from the half of Karthika Sukla-paksha Dvadasi. Since Aditi carried out the Vrata with a pious heart, Vishnu appeared before her and informed her that he would help Indra.
Alternatively, the Devas were very annoyed as Mahabali became the ruler of all the three worlds having defeated the Devas. Violence was inflicted upon the Devas. The gods approached Vishnu and asked for his help. Vishnu said to the Devas that Mahabali is doing good things to his subjects and is eligible to become sura (devas). You devas should not be jealous about that. Being jealous would make you asuras. Vishnu decided to test Mahabali.
In the meantime, Mahabali was performing the sacrificial rite of the Viswajith Yagnam or Aswamedha Yagnam on the banks of Narmada River. He also declared that he would give anything that anyone sought from him during this Yagam.



Taking advantage of the Yagnam and Mahabali's declaration, Vamana came to the Yagna-shala. As he approached them, the sages assembled there perceived the extraordinary effulgence form of the young lad. Mahabali went forth to receive the Brahmin boy with all traditional honours and gave him an eminent seat befitting the status of a holy person. With the usual courtesy given to the people who come to ask for help, Mahabali told him that it was his good fortune that Vamana had chosen to honour him with his presence. Whatever Vamana desired, Mahabali was ready to fulfill. Vamana smiled and said: "You need not give me anything great. It is enough if you give me that extend of land covered by three footsteps of mine".
On hearing him, Mahabali's preceptor, the Brahmin Shukracharya, who had visions of the future, told Mahabali that the one who had come to take alms from him was not an ordinary Brahmin but Lord Vishnu Himself having assumed this form. He advised Mahabali not to promise the lad anything. But Mahabali was a king who would never go back on his word, considering it sinful to do so. Shukracharya insisted that he should not fulfill the demand of Vamana as he had come to deprive him of all his possessions.

Onappottan, in traditional costume is a custom in northern parts of Kerala. Onappottan visists houses during the onam and gives blessings. Off late onappottan has become a rare sight, confined to villages.
Mahabali, determined to honour the word given to Vamana, begged the pardon of his Guru for disregarding his advice. Earlier, while Mahabali was embarking on the war with Indra, he had prostrated at the feet of his preceptor, Shukracharya, and on his advice had he started the Vishwajith Yagam from which he secured some very powerful weapons. It was only because of Shukracharya's help that he was able to conquer Indra. Mahabali's refusal angered Shukracharya. He cursed Mahabali, saying: 'As you have not heeded your Guru's words, you will be reduced to ashes'. Mahabali was firm and replied: 'I am prepared to face any consequence but will not go back on my word'.




Vamana grew in size until he towered above the heavens. With one footstep, he measured all of the earth. With the second, he claimed all of heaven. There was still one foot of territory that Mahabali owed him. Mahabali requested Vamana to place the final step on his head as the third step of land, for he had no other left. Vamana did so and in doing so, pushed him down to Patala.
For the devotion of this daitya, Mahabali, Lord Vishnu Vamana granted him rule over the underworld. It was also granted that he would hold the position of Indra for one Manvantara, thus fulfilling his devotee's desire.
As a last gift, Mahabali was granted permission to visit his subjects once a year. Thus, Keralites celebrate the Onam festival to commemorate the memory of the Great King Mahabali who would keep his promise to visit. Mahabali fulfilled his name as the great martyr for the sake of Truth and sacrifice.
During Onam, the feast and festive mood of the people, dressed in their best, is considered reminiscent of the prosperous and truthful life of the subjects during Mahabali's flawless reign. People wear new clothes during Onam. The 'Vastra' also stands for heart. Thus the significance of wearing new clothes is about making the heart new by removing all bad thoughts and feelings. People forgetting their sectarian outlooks, join together to welcome the auspicious 'Thiruvonam' day.

It would seem unfair that Lord Vishnu punished Mahabali, who like his grandfather Prahlada, was deemed one of the greatest devotees of Lord Vishnu and a very just king. However, Mahabali is not considered penalized by Vishnu, since he was granted the blessings of Vishnu and his remembrance allowed to be observed for eternity by way of Onam. He was also given the opportunity to keep his head under Lord Vishnu's holy feet, thus allowing all his sins to be wiped away.
Also, by the grant of Vishnu, Mahabali will be the next eighth Indra during the time of the eighth Manu Savarni Manu Purandara is the current Indra
It is believed that Mahabali became the greatest earthly devotee of Vishnu by sacrificing his kingdom to him.
Sura means a being with more positive thoughts and asura means a being with more negative thoughts. According to Hinduism, sura will become asura by entertaining


Onam is the biggest and the most important festival of the state of Kerala. It is a harvest festival and is celebrated with joy and enthusiasm all over the state by people of all communities. According to a popular legend, the festival is celebrated to welcome King Mahabali, whose spirit is said to visit Kerala at the time of Onam.

Onam is celebrated in the beginning of the month of Chingam the first month of Malayalam Calendar Kollavarsham. This corresponds with the month of August-September according to Gregorian Calendar.

Carnival of Onam lasts from four to ten days. First day, Atham and tenth day, Thiruonam are most important of all. Popularity and presentation of rich culture of the state during the carnival made Onam the National Festival of Kerala in 1961. Elaborate feasts, folk songs, elegant dances, energetic games, elephants, boats and flowers all are a part of the dynamic festival called Onam.

Government of India has taken due notice of this vibrant and colorful festival. It promotes Onam internationally in a big way and celebrates 'Tourist Week' for Kerala during Onam celebrations. Thousands of domestic and foreign tourists visit Kerala to be a part of Onam.


Story goes that during the reign of mighty king, Mahabali, Kerala witnessed its golden era. Every body in the state was happy and prosperous and king was highly regarded by his subjects. Apart from all his virtues, Mahabali had one shortcoming. He was egoistic. This weakness in Mahabali's character was utilized by Gods to bring an end to his reign as they felt challenged by Mahabali's growing popularity. However, for all the good deed done by Mahabali, God granted him a boon that he could annually visit his people with whom he was so attached.

It is this visit of Mahabali that is celebrated as Onam every year. People make all efforts to celebrate the festival in a grand way and impress upon their dear King that they are happy and wish him well.
Rich cultural heritage of Kerala comes out in its best form and spirit during the ten day long festival. It is indeed a treat to be a part of the grand carnival. People of Kerala make elaborate preparations to celebrate it in the best possible manner.

The most impressive part of Onam celebration is the grand feast called Onasadya, prepared on Thiruonam. It is a nine course meal consisting of 11 to 13 essential dishes. Onasadya is served on banana leaves and people sit on a mat laid on the floor to have the meal.

Another enchanting feature of Onam is Vallamkali, the Snake Boat Race, held on the river Pampa. It is a colourful sight to watch the decorated boat oared by hundreds of boatmen amidst chanting of songs and cheering by spectators.

There is also a tradition to play games, collectively called Onakalikal, on Onam. Men go in for rigorous sports like Talappanthukali (played with ball), Ambeyyal (Archery), Kutukutu and combats called Kayyankali and Attakalam. Women indulge in cultural activities. They make intricately designed flower mats called,pookalam in the front courtyard of house to welcome King Mahabali. Kaikotti kali and Thumbi Thullal are two graceful dances performed by women on Onam. Folk performances like Kummatti kali and Pulikali add to the zest of celebrations

Spices are a distinctive feature of the cooking of India and Indonesia. In India, every good cook prepares a curry--a mixture of such fragrant powdered spices as cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, cumin, nutmeg, and turmeric. The spice blend is kept in a jar in the kitchen and is used to season all sorts of foods. The Hindus have developed what is perhaps the world's greatest vegetarian cuisine. They use cereals, pulses (lentils, peas, and beans), and rice with great imagination to produce a widely varied but generally meatless cuisine. Indian cooks prepare delicious chutneys, highly seasoned vegetables and fruits used as side dishes that must be fresh to be fully appreciated. They also make little delicacies such as idlis, cakes of rice and lentils that are cooked by steaming; pakoras, vegetables fried in chickpea batter; and jalebis, pretzel-like tidbits made by soaking a deep-fried batter of wheat and chickpea flour in a sweet syrup. Raytas, yogurt with fruits or vegetables, are another favourite. Other specialties include biryani, a family of complicated rice dishes cooked with meats or shrimp; samosa, a flaky, stuffed, deep-fried pastry; korma, lamb curry made with a thick sauce using crushed nuts and yogurt; masala, the dry or wet base for curry; and a great variety of breads and hot wafers, including naan, pappadam, parathas, and chapatis.In southern India and especially in the historical region of Telingana, the food is seasoned with fresh chili peppers and can be fiery hot. Lamb is the most important meat served in northern India. It is prepared in hundreds of different ways as kabobs, curries, roasts, and in rice dishes. In pre-independence days the Mughal cuisine there ranked among the most lavish in the world. The Mughal cuisine developed during the Muslim empire of the great Mughal kingdom. It is based, mostly because of religious and geographic limitations, on lamb. The preparations are mostly roasted, barbecued dishes, also kabobs and the so-called dry curries, versus the stew-type cooking of the south. In India festivals and holidays are marked by feasting and revelry. Among the more prominent festivals are Onam, a rice harvest celebration; Diwali, which marks the beginning of the Hindu New Year; Dashera, which marks the triumph of the good prince Rama over evil; and Holi, the festival of lights, which honours Lord Krishna, an incarnation of the god Vishnu. Feasting and the offering of food to gods and friends are a highlight of these festivals.

Homeopathy.

Homeopathy.


Hahnemann studied medicine at Leipzig and Vienna, taking the degree of M.D. at Erlangen in 1779. After practicing in various places, he settled in Dresden in 1784 and then moved to Leipzig in 1789.
In the following year, while translating William Cullen's Lectures on the Materia medica into German, he was struck by the fact that the symptoms produced by quinine on the healthy body were similar to those of the disordered states that quinine was used to cure.

This observation led him to assert the theory that "likes are cured by likes," similia similibus curantur; i.e., diseases are cured (or should be treated) by those drugs that produce in healthy persons symptoms similar to the diseases.

He promulgated his principle in a paper published in 1796; and, four years later, convinced that drugs in small doses effectively exerted their curative powers, he advanced his doctrine of their "potentization of dynamization."

His chief work, Organon der rationellen Heilkunst (1810; "Organon of Rational Medicine"), contains an exposition of his system, which he called Homöopathie, or homeopathy. His Reine Arzneimittellehre, 6 vol. (1811; "Pure Pharmacology"), detailed the symptoms produced by "proving" a large number of drugs--i.e., by systematically administering them to healthy subjects.

In 1821 the hostility of apothecaries forced him to leave Leipzig, and at the invitation of the grand duke of Anhalt-Köthen he went to live at Köthen. Fourteen years later he moved to Paris, where he practiced medicine with great popularity until his death.


Homeopathy is a system of therapeutics, notably popular in the 19th century, which was founded on the stated principle that "like cures like," similia similibus curantur, and which prescribed for patients drugs or other treatments that would produce in healthy persons symptoms of the diseases being treated.

This system of therapeutics based upon the "law of similars" was introduced in 1796 by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann. He claimed that a large dose of quinine, which had been widely used for the successful treatment of malaria, produced in him effects similar to the symptoms of malaria patients.

He thus concluded that all diseases were best treated by drugs that produced in healthy persons effects similar to the symptoms of those diseases. He also undertook experiments with a variety of drugs in an effort to prove this. Hahnemann believed that large doses of drugs aggravate illness and that the efficacy of medicines thus increases with dilution.

Accordingly, most homeopaths believed in the action of minute doses of medicine.
To many patients and some physicians, homeopathy was a mild, welcome alternative to bleeding, purging, poly-pharmacy, and other heavy-handed therapies of the day.

In the 20th century, however, homeopathy has been viewed with little favour and has been criticized for focusing on the symptoms rather than on the underlying causes of disease. Homeopathy still has some adherents, and there are a number of national and international societies, including the International Homoeopathic Medical League, headquartered in Bloomindales, Neth.

Hahnemann observed from his experiments with cinchona bark, used as a treatment for malaria, that the effects he experienced from ingesting the bark were similar to the symptoms of malaria. He therefore reasoned that cure proceeds through similarity, and that treatments must be able to produce symptoms in healthy individuals similar to those of the disease being treated.
Through further experiments with other substances, Hahnemann conceived otherwise known as "let like be cured by like as a fundamental healing principle. He believed that by inducing a disease through use of drugs, the artificial symptoms empowered the vital force to neutralize and expel the original disease and that this artificial disturbance would naturally subside when the dosing ceased.
It is based on the idea that a substance that in large doses will produce symptoms of a specific disease will, in extremely small doses, cure it.
Critics have labeled Hahnemann's law of similars, an "axiom” in other words an unproven assertion made by Hahnemann, and not a true law of nature.

In 1828, Hahnemann introduced underlying causes for many known diseases. A miasm is often defined by homeopaths as an imputed "peculiar morbid derangement of [the] vital force" Hahnemann associated each miasm with specific diseases, with each miasm seen as the root cause of several diseases.
According to Hahnemann, initial exposure to miasms causes local symptoms, such as skin or venereal diseases, but if these symptoms are suppressed by medication, the cause goes deeper and begins to manifest itself as diseases of the internal organs.
Homeopathy maintains that treating diseases by directly opposing their symptoms, as is sometimes done in conventional medicine, is ineffective because all "disease can generally be traced to some latent, deep-seated, underlying chronic, or inherited tendency" The underlying imputed miasm still remains, and deep-seated ailments can only be corrected by removing the deeper disturbance of the vital force.
Hahnemann's miasm theory remains disputed and controversial within homeopathy even in modern times. In 1978, Anthony Campbell then a consultant physician at The Royal London Homeopathic Hospital, criticized statements by George Vithoulkas claiming that syphilis, when treated with antibiotics, would develop into secondary and tertiary syphilis with involvement of the central nervous system.
This conflicts with scientific studies, which indicate that penicillin treatment produces a complete cure of syphilis in more than 90% of cases. Campbell described this as "a thoroughly irresponsible statement which could mislead an unfortunate layman into refusing orthodox treatment.
Originally Hahnemann presented only three miasms, of which the most important was "psora", described as being related to any itching diseases of the skin, supposed to be derived from suppressed scabies and claimed to be the foundation of many further disease conditions.
Hahnemann believed psora to be the cause of such diseases as epilepsy cancer jaundice deafness and cataracts Since Hahnemann's time, other miasms have been proposed, some replacing one or more of psora's proposed functions, including tubercular miasms and cancer miasms.
The theory of miasms has been criticized as an explanation developed by Hahnemann to preserve the system of homeopathy in the face of treatment failures, and for being inadequate to cover the many hundreds of sorts of diseases, as well as for failing to explain disease predispositions as well as genetics environmental factors and the unique disease history of each patient.


Homeopathic remedy is, derived from poison ivy is a technical term in homeopathy that refers to a substance prepared with a particular procedure and intended for treating patients; it is not to be confused with the generally-accepted use of the word, which means "a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relieves pain".

Homeopathic practitioners rely on two types of reference when prescribing remedies: Materia medica and repertories. A homeopathic album is a collection of "drug pictures", organized alphabetically by remedy, that describes the symptom patterns associated with individual remedies. A homeopathic repertory is an index of disease symptoms that lists remedies associated with specific symptoms.
Homeopathy uses animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic substances in its remedies. Examples include arsenic oxide sodium chloride or table salt, the venom of the bushmaster snake opium and Thyroid hormone Homeopaths also use treatments made from diseased or pathological products such as fecal, urinary, and respiratory discharges, blood, and tissue.
Some modern homeopaths have considered more esoteric bases for remedies, because they do not originate from a material but from electromagnetic energy presumed to have been "captured" by alcohol or lactose. Examples include X-rays and sunlight. Recent ventures by homeopaths into even more esoteric substances include thunderstorms (prepared from collected rainwater)
Today there are about 3,000 different remedies commonly used in homeopathy. Some homeopaths also use techniques that are regarded by other practitioners as controversial. These are, where the substance and dilution are written on a piece of paper and either pinned to the patient's clothing, put in their pocket, or placed under a glass of water that is then given to the patient, as well as the use of radionics to prepare remedies. Such practices have been strongly criticized by classical homeopaths as unfounded, speculative, and verging upon magic and superstition.


Mortar and pestle are used for grinding insoluble solids into homeopathic remedies including quartz and oyster shells.
In producing remedies for diseases, homeopaths use a process whereby a substance is diluted with alcohol or distilled water and then vigorously shaken by ten hard strikes against an elastic body. While Hahnemann advocated using substances which produce symptoms similar to those of the disease being treated, he found that material doses would intensify the symptoms and exacerbate the condition, sometimes causing what amounted to dangerous toxic reactions.
He therefore specified that the substances be diluted. Hahnemann believed that the process of succussion activated the vital energy of the diluted substance. For this purpose, Hahnemann had a saddle maker construct a special wooden striking board covered in leather on one side and stuffed with horsehair. Insoluble solids, such as quartz and oyster shell, are diluted by grinding them with lactose.

Three logarithmic potency scales are in regular use in homeopathy. Hahnemann created the diluting a substance by a factor of 100 at each stage. The centesimal scale was favored by Hahnemann for most of his life. A 2C dilution requires a substance to be diluted to one part in one hundred, and then some of that diluted solution diluted by a further factor of one hundred.
This works out to one part of the original substance in 10,000 parts of the solution. A 6C dilution repeats this process six times, ending up with the original material diluted by a factor of 100−6=10−12 (one part in one trillion)(1/1,000,000,000,000). Higher dilutions follow the same pattern. In homeopathy, a solution that is more dilute is described as having a higher potency, and more dilute substances are considered by homeopaths to be stronger and deeper-acting remedies.
The end product is often so diluted that it is indistinguishable from the dilutant (pure water, sugar or alcohol).
Hahnemann advocated 30C dilutions for most purposes. In Hahnemann's time it was reasonable to assume that remedies could be diluted indefinitely, as the concept of the atom or molecule as the smallest possible unit of a chemical substance was just beginning to be recognized. The greatest dilution that is reasonably likely to contain one molecule of the original substance is 12C.


Some homeopaths developed a decimal scale (D or X), diluting the substance to ten times its original volume each stage. The D or X scale dilution is therefore half that of the same value of the C scale; for example, "12X" is the same level of dilution as "6C". Hahnemann never used this scale but it was very popular throughout the 19th century and still is in Europe.
This potency scale appears to have been introduced in the 1830s by the American homeopath, Constantine Hering In the last ten years of his life, Hahnemann also developed a quintamillesimal (Q) or LM scale diluting the drug 1 part in 50,000 parts of diluents. A given dilution on the Q scale is roughly 2.35 times its designation on the C scale. For example a remedy described as "20Q" has about the same concentration as a "47C" remedy.